IS CITIZEN JOURNALISM A THREAT OR A CHALLENGE TO PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM?

CONSTANCE MENSAH

213/9/BA-JNL/012

Journalism is the gathering of facts, information, etc on events, issues and trends and disseminating it to a wide audience.

A person who has been trained to do this job is a professional journalist.

Citizen journalism is when private individuals essentially do what professional journalists do, that is reporting information, with the use of modern communication technologies.

Many questions have been asked over the years as to if the work of a citizen journalist serves as a threat to that of the professional and I for one thinks this is so because of the reasons given below.

First of all, one may argue that, the constitution allows for freedom of speech and so no individual should be restricted to talk, also, many stories have been brought to light through citizen journalists when the professionals were nowhere to be found to cover it. True, however, does their work meet the standard of that of the professionals who make sure that they edit their work in order to make it acceptable to the public? No, they do no such thing, since it is done by just an individual.

Moreover, citizen journalists normally post news in blogs which are free, and so sooner or later, the professional who the job serves as his or her source of livelihood will be put out of work since no one will buy newspapers or even watch or listen to news on radio or television.

Furthermore, because they are not ethical, they make certain mistakes such as not been able to deal with emotional or sensitive issues such as accidents or death with the general public. By so doing, destroying the industry that the professionals have worked so hard to build.

Lastly, because they are most of the time in a hurry to report news, they hardly do research into certain issues before reporting it. When this happens, they sometimes make mistakes in their reportage and in the process, misinforming their audience.

All these actions and inactions of citizen journalists serve as a threat to the work of professional journalists.

ACCOUNT FOR THE 1948 RIOT IN THE GOLD COAST AND ITS AFTERMATH.

Gold coast is the former name of Ghana, given to it by the Europeans due to its abundance of gold.

Riot is the disturbance of public peace by several people, assembled and acting with a common intent in executing a lawful or unlawful enterprise in a violent and turbulent manner.

In 1948, a riot, which included about 2000 ex-service men, took place in Accra, which is now the capital of Ghana. The events that led to this rioting and its aftermath are considered below.

In January 1948, Nii Kwabena Bonne III, a Ga Chief, a business man and a strong civil leader organized a general boycott of all European imports. This was because; the Europeans and Syrians were the major importers and exporters of goods in and out of the country. The next month, that is February, it was agreed that, the boycott would be lifted on the 28^th day of the month.

However, after the boycott, a series of riots followed. The last straw that broke the camel’s back was the famous February 28th incident. Unarmed ex-servicemen marched to the Christiansburg Castle on that day to submit a petition to the Governor about their poor conditions such as poor housing, small gratuities and their high cost of living.

On arrival, they were asked to halt, but they ignored the order. Therefore, Superintendent Colin Imray ordered his men to fire. They however fired into the air but the marchers moved on. The superintendent then took matters into his own hands and fired into the procession, killing three of them, namely; sergeant Adjetey, Corporal Attipoe and Private Ordartey Lamptey.

 Thereafter, riots broke out in Accra. European and Asian stores were looted by the angry mob. The rioters forced open the Central Prison; that is the Ussher fort prison and set free its inmates. The riots spread to other parts of the country killing over 29 people and leaving about 200 more injured.

After the riots, the Nationalist leaders in the Gold Coast sent a strong worded cable to the Secretary of State in London. The Secretary of State, Arthur Creech Jones however blamed the Nationalist leaders for being responsible for the disturbances in the country. Consequently, on march 18^th of the same year, six of the leading nationalist were arrested and detained at the Kumasi prison. They were popularly referred to as the ‘Big Six’. These leaders were J.B Danquah, Kwame Nkrumah, Obetsebi Lamptey, Akuffo Addo, William Ofori Atta and Ako Adjei. After spending three days at the Kumasi prison, they were transferred to various prisons in the northern territory.

In March 1948, agitations to release the big six drove the colonial government to set up a commission headed by Aiken Watson, together with Dr. Keith Murray and Andrew Dalgleish, a well known authority on trade unionism.

In April 1948, the ‘big six’ appeared before the Watson commission, there they expressed their grievances concerning education and trading discrimination in favour of foreigners. These complaints among others were presented to the colonial government as the Watson commission report.

Later, the new governor, Sir Gerald creasy was authorized by the colonial office to set up a 37 –member committee called the coussey committee.

The report of the committee recommended an enlarged legislative council which was to have two chambers, a responsible executive council with a majority of Africans and a new system of local government. Also, it was included that those who were 25 years and above were eligible to vote and these, the British government accepted.

The recommendation of the Coussey committee formed the basis of the 1950 constitution. Under it, there was to be an executive council comprising three ex-officio members and eight Ghanaian ministers, a single legislature which was to consist of a speaker, three ex-officio ministers, six special members representing mining and commercial interests and seventy five members from parts of the country.

The riots and the entrance of the ‘Big Six’ are seen as marking the beginning of the process of independence for the gold coast as Ghana, The first African colony to achieve independence.

IS POLITICAL SCIENCE A SCIENCE OR AN ART

Political science is the study of governments, public policies, political processes, systems, and political behavior.

Science is the intellectual act encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation.

Art refers to those other subjects that do not relate to the sciences. Some examples are history, government as a subject and literature.

Though political science, as the name suggests, is said to be a science, there has been so many arguments as to whether it really is a science or an art. Those who argue it to be an art say that although political scientists claim to do research, observe and experiment, they still fail to bring about precise and definite results as real scientists do.

They also claim that, scientific results are the same everywhere one goes on the planet, however, the same cannot be said for the results produced by political scientists. For instance though almost all countries have governments, each one of them defines it the way they see fit. The government of Ghana is quite different from that of Nigeria, although they may all practice democracy.

On the other hand, those who argue it to be a science say that, it is so because political scientists take time to study particular subjects, observe it for some time, and accurately come out with the results just as scientists do.

Aristotle called politics the master science because he recognized how wide and pervasive politics is. He also said that, politics is a practical science since it is concerned with the noble action or happiness of the citizens. Again, he said that, it resembles a productive science in that, it seeks to create, preserve and reform political systems.

Considering all facts, I believe that political science is indeed a science and this is discussed below.

First of all, Political scientists study the way people organize their societies, whether neighborhoods, nations, or the world community. For instance, there could be a particular law in a society that so many people in one way or the other disobey. Political scientists can therefore study that law and come up with the reason why people react negatively to it.

Also, Political scientists study political systems from every angle, looking into their birth, growth, and operation. For example, some survey the public about their political opinions, through interviewing people especially prior to elections to know what they think about the government in power and what they think about those in opposition. By so doing, knowing which political party will win in the elections. Others can even use mathematical methods to analyze political results.

Again, Political science is a science, as it is a study of the interaction of human behaviour. Just as Science uses collective data to bring about rational facts, so does political science. Political scientists obtain this collective data by carrying out experiments, observation and systematic study of events that take place over a period of time. Political science uses different methodology to determine facts concerning humans and their interactions with forces such as laws, conventions, norms and customs that govern or rule them.

Moreover, political scientists, through thorough experimentations and over-time study can make predictions. For instance, if a particular political party in a country always contests in an election and loses; political scientists can conduct a study on that party and find out as to why people prefer other political parties to that one and predict its fate in the next elections.

Finally, even though political scientists take time in studying and observing events, the results should not necessarily be 100% because after all, scientists such as obstetricians sometimes make mistakes as to when a woman is due to give birth. Chemists sometimes mix drugs that end up killing people who take them and physicians also prescribe wrong doses sometimes. If therefore such people are considered to be scientists, then it justifies the fact that political science is indeed a science.

Political science is indeed a science because as scientists, political scientists use methods such as observation, experimenting, systematic study of things over time and are able to come up with results that are most of the time, factual and accurate.

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

Painful and frequent urination has become quite common amongst the youth of today, especially students. This condition happens to females more than males and most of them attribute it to candidiasis (white). However the main cause of this condition is due to urinary tract infection. A urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection that affects part of the urinary tract and causes a bladder infection that makes one feel the urge to urinate frequently.

This condition as earlier stated is common amongst women of all ages with half of them having at least one infection at one point or the other in their lives, lasting about 12 to 15 days. However, in healthy women, it lasts for about 6 to 7 days. Sometimes, one may feel pain above the pubic bone or in the lower back.  

Left untreated, a UTI can develop from a lower urinary tract infection to a severe upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis. Symptoms include flank pain, fever or nausea and vomiting in addition to the symptoms of the lower tract infection. At other times, the urine may appear bloody or contain pyuria (pus in the urine).

Research has it that, the use of some birth controls, condoms and lack of personal hygiene like lack of cleaning oneself well after defecating or urinating easily causes UTI’s.

Doctors’ advice to people with recurrent infections is that, a prolonged course of daily antibiotics is effective. In post-menopausal women, topical vaginal estrogens have been found to reduce recurrence.

To prevent the infection of urinary tract infections, one must observe good personal hygiene, urinating immediately after intercourse and using cotton under wears.